Inglisis samefos armia ax.wT XIII-XIV saukuneebSi

Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSi feodaluri wyobileba iyo.feodaluri saxelmwifoebis jarebi Sedgeboda cxenosnebis,Subosnebis,

mSvildosnebis,katapultebisa da axalgamogonebuli zarbaznebisagan romelic qvis yumbarebs isroda.inglisis samefos armiac tipuri feodalur jars warmoadgenda.inglisis armiam Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi uamravi brZola gadaixada da ibrZoda aswlian omSi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg.

I.mSvildosnebi inglisis armiis birTvs warmoadgendnen.isini msoflioSi saukeTeso moisarebad iTvlebodnen.

ingliseli mSvildosani SeiaraRebuli iyo Zalian grZeli mSvildiT,

isrebiT da xelCarTuli brZolisaTvis mokle maxviliT an xanjliT.

mSvildosnebs jaWvis perangi icavdaT an saerTod ar hqondaT abjari.

inglisel saero mSvildosnebs iomenebs uwodebdnen.mSvildosnebis wyalobiT inglisis armiam uamravi brZola moigo.maTgan gamovarCevdi azenkuris brZolas sadac ingliselma moisrebma sastikad daamarcxes frangi raindebi.safrangeTis winaaRmdeg aswlian omSi gamovlinda ingliselTa jaris upiratesoba frangebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.ingliseli mSvildosnebi Soridan axerxebdnen mtris mokvlas radgan inglisuri grZeli mSvildidan gatyorcnili isrebi did manZilze wvdebodnen mowinaaRmdeges.orasi metris manZilzec ki inglisuri isrebi momakvdinebeli ZaliT moqmedebdnen.uamravi frangi meomari mZimed iWreboda an iRupeboda sanam isini mowinaaRmdegemde miaRwevnen da xelCarTuli brZolis iaraRiT Seebmodnen.inglisis jaris mSvildosani razmebi angariSgasawev da mrisxane Zalad rCebodnen XVI saukunemde,manamde sanam gamoigonebdnen cecxlsasrol iaraRs.Tumca zogierTi ingliseli mainc mSvilds amjobinebda cecxlsasrol Tofs romlis datenvac Zalian xangrZlivi procesi iyo.

II.ingliseli raindebi.

ingliselTa jaris cxenosan nawils feodali raindebi Seadgendnen.

raindebi iyvnen ingliseli aznaurebi da feodalebi: baronebi da grafebi,hercogebi da mTavrebi.isini mZimed iyven aRWurvilni da SeiaraRebuli.raindis abjari Zalian mZime da mouxeSavi iyo magram mogvianebiT XIV saukunidan ukve elastiuri,mosaxerxebeli da SedarebiT msubuqi abjrebi gamoCnda.saukeTeso abjrebs maSin italiaSi milansa da florenciaSi amzadebdnen.mdidari feodalebi did fasad yidulobdnen.aseve cnobili iyo espanuri da antioqiuri maxvilebi da jaWvis perangebi Tavisi simtkiciTa da gamZleobiT.mZimed aRWurvili raindebi aseve mZimed SeWurvil cxenebze iyvnen amxedrebulni da brZolaSi grZeli,mZime SubebiT

erTvebodnen.Semdeg roca es iaraRi ukve gamousedagari gaxdeboda gadaagdebdnen da xmliT,culiT an sabrZolo kverTxiT gaagrZelebdnen brZolas.raindebi mrisxane Zalas warmoadgendnen da mtris rigebis gasarRvevad da flangebis mosaSlelad saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgendnen.

III.ingliseli qveiTebi:Subosnebi da maxvilosnebi.

inglisis armiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda Subosnebisa da maxvilosnebis kargad organizebuli razmebi.TiToeul feodals hyavda sakuTari qveiTTa razmi da omis dros saomrad uZRveboda.qveiTebi SeiaraRebulni iyvnen grZeli SubebiT,alebardebiT(Sub_najaxa),xmlebiT da xanjlebiT.qveiTebis abjar_aRWurviloba damokidebuli iyo feodalis simdidreze da siZliereze.qveiTebi jgufurad ibrZodnen.isini alebardebiTa da grZeli SubebiT igeriebdnen cxenosnebs xolo qveiTebs xmlebiT,xanjlebiTa da culebiT ebrZodnen.qveiTi jari aucilebeli iyo cixesimagreebisa da qalaqebis asaRebad.

mogvianebiT XIV-XV saukuneebSi inglisis jarSi Zalian gavrcelda arbaletebiT anu kondaxiani mSvildebiT SeiaraRebuli razmeulebi.

arbaleti nel-nela aZevebda mSvilds brZolis velidan,radgan arbaleti ufro mZlavri da mosaxerxebeli iaraRi iyo.

XVI saukunidan evropaSi gavrcelda cecxlsasroli kaJiani Tofebi da modernizebuli zarbaznebi romlebic ukve denTian yumbarebs isrodnen (manamde zarbazani qvis yumbarebs isroda).inglisis jarmac modernizacia ganicada da tipuri XVI saukunis armia gaxda.

Sua saukuneebis periodSi inglisis Zlierma jarma uamrav brZolaSi gaimarjva.igi ebrZoda safrangeTis,Sotlandiis,irlandiisa da sxva feodaluri saxelmwifoebis armiebs da umetesad gamarjvebuli gamodioda.

inglisis jarma dideba moixveWa wminda miwebze jvarosnul omSi aiubianTa sasulTnos winaaRmdeg da aswlian omSi safrangeTTan.am omebSi man dideba moixveWa da Sua saukuneebis istoris didi kvali daamCnia.

Romis Armya. Mariusis da Diokletianes Reformeb

romis istoria iwyeba Zv.wT 753 wlidan rodesac es qalaqi daarsda italiaSi.patara qalaq roms Tavdapirvelad mefeebi marTavdnen Semdeg ki es saxelmwifo respublikad iqca,respublika ki ax.wT 27 wels ukve imperiam Secvala.respublikisa da imperiis epoqaSi romma uzarmazari teritoriebi daipyro gauTavebeli omebis Sedegad.evropaSi italia,germania,galia,

balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli,espaneTi,dakia,britaneTi da kolxeTi.aziaSi:

mcire azia,armenia,mesopotamiis nawili,arabeTis nawili,palestina,siria,

albaneTi da sinais naxevarkunZuli.afrikaSi:numidia,mavritania,karTageni,

libia da egvipte.

romis imperia ver iqneboda iseTi Zlieri rom ara misi armia.romis regularuli jari Seiqmna respublikis periodSi.Tavdapirvelad jarSi  mxolod moqalaqeebi da mokavSire italiis qalaqebis razmebi msaxurobdnen.Semdeg Zv.wT II saukuneSi romaelma konsulma gaius mariusma jarSi reforma gaatara.reformis Semdeg jarSi ukve  moxaliseebsa da provinciel mamac meomrebsac iRebdnen.armiis ricxvi gaizarda.jari ukeTesad gaiwvrTna da SeiaraRda.Semdeg imperiis epoqaSi armiis kidev ramdenime reforma gatarda romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania imperator diokletianes reforma romlis Semdeg armiis SeiaraReba ufro Semsubuqda da jari ufro mobilur, moZrav danayofebad daiyo romlebsac SeeZloT swrafad emoZravaT saxelmwifos uzarmazar teritoriaze da CaeqroT ajanyebebi romlebic nel-nela asustebdnen imperias.

romauli jaris erTeulebi

1.mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTebi. romis jaris ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgenda mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTi jari.romaeli meomrebi SeiaraRebulebi iyvnen mokle maxvilebiT “GLADIUS”,SubebiT “PPILUM” da didi oTxkuTxedi amozneqili farebiT(fari meomars yelidan muxlebamde icada).tanze maT icavdaT an jaWvis perangi an liTonis abjari romelic Sedgeboda erTmaneTze mWidrod gadabmuli liTonis filebisgan,es Zalian elastiuri da amave dros Zalian saimedo abjari iyo.mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTebi erTiandebodnen did samxedro danayofSi “legionSi” romelSic 4000_5000 an ufro meti meomari Sedioda.legioni iyofoda kohortebad 450_500 kacian razmebad,kohorta manipulebad 160 kacian razmebad da centuriebad 80 kacian razmebad.legionis samxedro wyoba iyo kolona,jari mWidro mwyobriT did marTkuTxeds qmnida.rodesac legionebi Setevaze gadadiodnen,jer dinjad uaxlovdebodnen mowinaaRmdeges mWidrod Sekruli mwyobriT, Semdeg mters Subebs styorcnidnen , Subebis wvimiT dabneul mowinaaRmdeges saomari yiJiniT daecemodnen Tavs da xelCarTul brZolaSi musrs avlebdnen.rodesac romaelebi mtris daSenili isrebis,Subebisa da qvebisagan Tavs icavdnen isini SemWidrovdebodnen da TavianTi didi farebiT iseT mWidro kedels akeTebdnen TavszemoT,gverdebze da win rom umetes SemTxvevebSi TiTqmis arcerTi meomari ar iRupeboda.

   yovel legions hyavda Tavisi meTauri legati da samxedro tribunebi.isini brZolis velzec miuZRodnen legions.amas garda legions hyavda ufrosi centurioni.

yovel legions Tavisi “Standarti”,legionis droSa hqonda masze ewera Tu romel legions warmoadgenda droSa mag:(LEGIO XIX ITALICA).Standartis dakargva brZolis velze did sircxvilad iTvleboda.jariskacs romelsac Standartis tareba evaleboda signiferi ewodeboda.amas garda legions hqonda oqros an vercxlis arwiviT Semkuli droSa.es vercxlis an oqros arwivi legionis Rirseba iyo da misi dakargva an mtris xelSi Cagdeba legionisaTvis katastrofas warmoadgenda amitom mas Zalian ufrTxildebodnen.legions hyavda mesayvire-mebukeebis(kornicene) razmi.isini diliT aRviZebdnen legions,sagangaSo signals ukravdnen,brZolis dros amxnevebdnen da mterze Setevis signals iZleodnen.

legioni brZolis velze ase ewyoboda:I_velitebi,II_hastatebi,III_principebi,

IV_triarebi.velitebi yvelaze msubuqad SeiaraRebuli qveiTebi iyvnen.hastatebi legionis yvelaze axalgazrda meomrebi,principebi saSualo samxedro asakis,triarebi_veteranebi.hastatebi SedarebiT ufro msubuqad SeiaraRebuli meomrebi iyvnen vidre principebi.principebis SeiaraRebac triarebisaze ufro msubuqi iyo.triarebi brZolaSi bolos erTvebodnen da gadamwyvet rols asrulebdnen.

mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTebis garda TiToeul legionSi Sediodnen garkveuli raodenobis cxenosanTa da msubuq qveiTTa razmebi.cxenosanTa razms turma ewodeboda,erT turmaSi 30 cxenosani Sedioda.romis kavaleria Sedgeboda mxedarTa klasisagan(EQVITES).romis respublikis dros mxolod mxedarTa klasis warmomadgenels SeeZlo yofiliyo kavaleriis SemadgenlobaSi.mas sakuTari cxeni unda hyoloda da sakuTari aRWurviloba hqonoda(Subi,xmali da patara mrgvali fari).romis kavaleria mravalricxovni arasodes yofila legionerebTan SedarebiT.magram romaelebma icodnen rom kavalerias mainc didi mniSvneloba hqonda,amitom imperiis epoqaSi kavaleriis ricxvi gaizarda.romaelebi xSirad iqiravebdnen ucxoel gamocdil da kargad SeiaraRebul mxedrebs.Tan romaelebs iseTi mteri gamouCndaT rom cxenosani jaris yola aucilebeli gaxda.

msubuqi qveiTi jari.

romis armiaSi kavaleriisa da mZimed aRWurvili qveiTebis garda iyo msubuq qveiTTa,velitTa SenaerTebi.velitebi brZolisas wina xazze ibrZodnen.isini mters xelSubebs styorcnidnen da Semdeg ukan ixevdnen.xSirad velitebs xmarobdnen marTkuTxedebad ganlagebul legionebs Soris,daSorebis amosavsebad raTa mtrisaTvis alyis Semortymis saSualeba ar miecaT.

mokavSireebi.

romis respublikur armiaSi,romis moqalaqeebis garda Sedioda italikebis(araromaeli italiis mkvidri tomebi)damxmare kohortebi.isini romaelebis msgavsad aRiWurvebodnen.iyo mokavSireTa mZime qveiTebis,msubuqi qveiTebis da cxenosani jaris kohortebi,romlebic ganawilebulni iyvnen romis armiaSi.

mSvildosani jari.

romis armiis rigebSi Sedioda mSvildosanTa samxedro nawilebi.romaelebs sakuTari mSvildosani jari susti hyavdaT amitom Tavdapirvelad romis armias Zalian iSviaTad hyavda mSvildosan mebrZolTa didi raodenoba.gviandeli respublikisa da imperiis xanaSi romis armiis rigebSi gamoCndnen daqiravebuli ucxoeli mSvildosnebi(umTavresad Sua aziidan da mcire aziidan).isini Zalian gamocdili da zusti msrolelebi iyvnen amitom romis jarSi maTi ricxvi TandaTan gaizarda.

daqiravebuli jari.

romis armiis SemadgenlobaSi xSirad msaxurobdnen sxvadasxva tomis daqiravebuli mebrZolebi.imperiis epoqaSi imperias ukve imdeni daqiravebuli jariskaci emsaxureboda rom maTi raodenoba romael meomrebze meti iyo.daqiravebuli meomari xelfass iRebda da rodesac is veterani gaxdeboda erTguli samsaxurisaTvis romis saxelmwifo miwis nakveTsa da romis moqalaqeobas aZlevda.

pretorianuli gvardia

pretorianuli gvardia iyo romis armiis elitaruli samxedro danayofi.es aristokratuli gvardia Seiqmna imperiis epoqaSi.pretorianelTa daniSnuleba romis imperatoris dacva iyo.pretorianelebi legionerebiviT iyvnen SeiaraRebulni da gawvrTnilni.gvardia xSirad monawileobda imperiaSi SemoWrili mtris winaaRmdeg brZolebSi.

romis armiis umaRlesi mTavarsardali iyo respublikis epoqaSi konsuli,prokonsuli an diqtatori.imperiis epoqaSi imperatori.

romis imperator gaius valerius avrelius diokletianes(romis imperias ganagebda ax.wT 284 wlidan ax.wT 305 wlamde) samxedro reforma.

diokletiane romis imperiis krizisul periodSi avida taxtze.man mTeli gulisyuri miapyro romis dasustebul armias.romis jari aRar iyo iseTi Zlieri da mrisxane rogoric traianesa da markus avreliusis dros.amitom diokletianes aucileblad sWirdeboda samxedro reformis gatareba.Tavdapirvelad imperatorma jaris raodenoba gazarda,radgan uzarmazar imperias aucileblad sWirdeboda didi raodenobis armia.

diokletianemde romauli armiebi legionebad iyvnen ganlagebuli sasazRvro cixesimagreebsa(castella) da banakebSi(castra).maTi ayra da sxvagan gadayvana Zneli iqneboda radgan jariskacebi romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi erT adgilze saxlobdnen am garemos eTvisebodnen.maT daZvras xSirad ajanyeba mohyveboda.

diokletianem jari dayo or saxeobad sasazRvro jarebi(Limitanei)da mobiluri jarebi romlebic qveynis SigiTa teritoriebze iyvnen ganlagebulni(Comitatenses).Sida samsaxuris jarebi ufro kargad iyvnen SeiaraRebulni da gawvrTnilni vidre sasazRvro jarebi.diokletianes periodis romaeli Comitatenses-i SeiaraRebuli iyo satyorcni SubebiT,mokle xmliT,xanjliTa da msubuqi fariT.tanze jaWvis perangi icavda,Tavze ki muzaradi. Limitanei kidev ufro msubuqad aRiWurveboda.diokletianes reforma romaul kavaleriasac Seexo. imperatorma gazarda kavaleriis ricxvi.

mTeli romis imperiis samxedro Zalebis mTavarsardali iyo imperatori.calkeul armiaTa meTaurebi_magistrebi(Magistres),calkeul olqTa samxedro ufrosebi_dukebi(sityvidan DUX-beladi).

diokletianem didi yuradReba miaqcia armiaSi samxedro disciplinas da brZolisunarianobas.

armiaSi samsaxuri savaldebulo gaxda.jarSi mihyavdaT monebi da romis samflobeloebSi dasaxlebuli barbarosebic.

diokletianes samxedro reformis wyalobiT ufro advili gaxda ajanyebebis Caqroba da mtris swrafi alagvma.

Makedoniis armia

 
Makedoniis samefo saberZneTis erT-erTi patara da umniSvnelo saxelmwifo iyo Zv.wT IV ,saukunemde filipe II-is mefobamde.filipe II-m gaaZliera makedoniis jari da ganaviTara ekonomika ris safuZvelzec makedonia pirvelxarisxovan saxelmwifod Camoyalibda da mTeli saberZneTi da Trakia daipyro.filipes sikvdilis Semdeg misma vaJma aleqsandre makedonelma ganagrZo dapyrobebi da daamxo sparseTis imperia,daipyro indoeTi da egvipte.aleqsandre makedonels brZolebSi saukeTeso makedoneli sardlebi exmarebodnen:ptolemaiosi,antigone,selevkosi,nearqosi
,klitosi,antipatre da a.S.pyrobebi romelTac aleqsandre anxorcielebda SeuZlebeli iqneboda Zlieri da kargad organizebuli jaris gareSe.
jer kidev manamde aleqsandres mamam filipe makedonelma daiwyo jaris organizeba da gawvrTna,es wamowyeba aleqsandrem daagvirgvina.
makedonuri jaris mTavar nawils warmoadgenda “falanga”.makedonelebma falanga berZnebisgan gadmoiRes magram maT falangistebi ufro grZeli SubebiT SeaiaraRes da ukeTesi wvrTna misces.makedonuri falanga mrisxane Zalas warmoadgenda mtris qveiTebis da cxenosnebis winaaRmdeg.makedoneli falangisti SeiaraRebuli iyo: fariT,SubiTa da mokle xmliT.tanze emosa brinjaos begTari,muxlebze brinjaos samuxleebi ekeTa,Tavze brinjaos muzaradi exura.falanga ewyoboda mijrili mwyobriT oTxkuTxedebad.erT makedonur falangistTa razms “sintagma”ewodeboda.sintagma 16 rigisagan Sedgeboda.TiTo rigSi ki 16 meomari iyo.makedoneli falangistebi kargad disciplinirebuli da gawvrTnili jariskacebi iyvnen da kargad icavdnen falangaSi brZolis wesebs:falanga ar unda gafantuliyo da mWidro mwyobri SeenarCunebina,wina rigis meomrebs Subebi unda moeRerebinaT mtrisaTvis,ukana meore da mesame rigis meomrebs Subebi wina rigis meomrebis mxrebze unda gaedoT bunikiT mtrisaken,maT ukan mdgom meomrebs Subebi odnav daxrili eWiraT winisaken,sul bolo rigebis meomrebs ki haerSi hqondaT Subebi aRmarTuli.
falangas Tavisi sisusteebic gaaCnda:Tu mas flangidan meore falanga an kavaleria ar icavda.mters SeeZlo flangebidan daertya falangisaTvis es ki mis dafantvas da ganadgurebas gamoiwvevda.falangis winaaRmdeg efeqturi iyo mSvildosnebis gamoyeneba.makedonuri falangis msgavsi jarebi hyavdaT aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis daSlis Sedegad Seqmnil elinistur saxelmwifoebs: biTinias,pontos,selevkidur sirias,lagidebis egviptes da antigonidur makedonias.
makedonuri kavaleria.makedoniis jaris meore umniSvnelovanesi nawili iyo kavaleria.makedonuri kavaleriis did nawils Seadgendnen Tesalieli mxedrebi.Tesalieli berZnebi mTel balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze cxenosnobiT iyvnen ganTqmulni.
Tesalieli mxedrebi SeiaraRebulebi iyvnen SubebiT da xmlebiT,tanze tyavisa da brinjaos begTari emosaT,fexebze ki brinjaos samuxleebi ekeTaT.
    makedoniis kavaleriaSi iricxebodnen makedoneli mxedrebi,isinic TesalielTa msgavsad aRiWurvebodnen.
amas garda iyo kavaleriis elituri nawili “getairebis”(megobrebis)gvardia.getairebi iyvnen makedoneli aristokratebi da uaRresad gamocdili mxedrebi.kavaleriis am nawils ukeTesi xarisxis SeiaraReba hqonda.getairebi brZolis velze mefis garSemo trialebdnen da icavdnen mas.
makedonuri msubuqi qveiTi jari(peltastebi).makedonelebi brZolaSi iyenebdnen msubuq qveiT jarsac.isini umTavresad aRWurvilni iyvnen mSvild-isrebiT,saTxedebiT(satyorcni Subi),SurdulebiT da patara mrgvali farebiT.msubuqi qveiTebi satyorcni iaraRiT Soridan esrodnen mters,Semdeg ki falangebis zurgs efarebodnen,radgan ar iyvnen xelCarTuli brZolisTvis saWiro iaraRiT aRWurvilni da arc abjari gaaCndaT.
aleqsandre makedonelma Tavisi mZlavri jarisa da sakuTari mxedarTmTavruli niWis wyalobiT uamravi brZola moigo da msoflio imperia Sheqmna.

                                                                                         

               Nika Khoperia